Human health effects of air pollution 

Air pollution, whether short or long term, harms health, especially for the already ill. Vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and the poor, face higher risks. Fine PM2.5 particles, linked to premature mortality, penetrate lungs and pose significant health threats. Air pollution negatively impacts health in various ways, including:

Respiratory Problems: Air pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, O3, SO2, and NO2 irritate the respiratory tract, causing asthma, bronchitis, and COPD. Prolonged exposure worsens these conditions and impairs lung function.

Cardiovascular Issues: Air pollution elevates the risk of heart diseases like heart attacks, strokes, and hypertension by introducing fine particulate matter and pollutants into the bloodstream. These substances trigger inflammation and oxidative stress, harming blood vessels and the heart.

Cancer: Long-term exposure to certain air pollutants, such as benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, has been linked to an elevated risk of developing lung cancer and other types of cancer.

Neurological Effects: Emerging research suggests that air pollution may also impact the central nervous system and cognitive function. Fine particulate matter and pollutants may contribute to neuroinflammation and increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

During pregnancy, exposure to air pollutants can cause low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental problems in children. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, among others, may harm reproductive health.

Air pollution worsens allergies and boosts respiratory infection severity, weakening the immune system and increasing susceptibility to illness.

Premature Death: Long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution, which scientists have linked to premature mortality, affects vulnerable populations like the elderly and those with preexisting health conditions more significantly.

Reduced Quality of Life: Living in areas with high levels of air pollution can lead to a reduced quality of life due to increased respiratory symptoms, hospital admissions, and limitations in daily activities.

Air pollution accelerates aging through oxidative stress and inflammation, causing age-related diseases. Health impacts vary with pollutant types, susceptibility, and exposure duration. Governments and organizations globally combat pollution with regulations, emissions controls, and awareness campaigns, safeguarding public health.